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iLog-Mundi: A SECOND CHANCE AGAINST MELANOMA, www.elmundo.es

PLX4032 alphabet soup seemed destined to become an effective therapy against certain very advanced skin tumors. No However, as demonstrated the effectiveness of this drug, the researchers became aware that the answers were very short: after a few months the patients had developed resistance and melanoma relapse again. Two papers now publishes 'Nature' explain key might clarify this phenomenon.

melanomas responding to new experimental compound have mutations in a key gene called B-RAF, a 'mistake' that carry between 50% and 60% of patients with this tumor. However, after six or nine months of dramatic responses, oncologists were confronted almost always with the frustration of seeing the disease return.

Scientists at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Dana Farber Cancer Center and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (all in USA) have now discovered several genetic tricks that allow the cancer to develop an additional mutation to disable treatment. The good news is that these new changes may in turn become a potential target for new drugs, although it will have to wait several more years.

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As explained Dr. Antoni Ribas, one of the oncologists at UCLA who collaborated Roger Lo in the first work, "at first it made sense to think that the cancer had developed a second mutation in the gene B-RAF to evade the drug." However, what they found was that the melanoma can develop alternative ways in three different genes in B-RAF to continue to divide outside the treatment.

With the three mutations found by both studies, said Dr. Ribas, can explain 50% of relapses, but will have to continue investigating to find the trick to making use of skin cancer in the other 50% of cases.

Although it is too early to translate their findings into a new B-RAF inhibitor more effective than PLX4032, I welcomed the research: "Now, when a melanoma patient falls, we say that we are working 24 hours a day, seven days a week, to discover an effective alternative ".

"PLX4032 is a drug you get a dramatic response rates, we now have to get that last longer," says oncologist Catalan, "so we probably have to combine it with other drugs that prevent cell 'escape' his action. "

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iLog -Mundi: DARK MATTER, PILLAR IN SPACE, www.abc.es

A team of astronomers has succeeded in creating one of the most perfect and detailed maps of dark matter, substance, invisible and of which little is known, which makes up most of the universe. These new observations, made about a giant cluster of galaxies at 2.2 million light years away from Earth, may hold clues to the formation of the Cosmos in their early years and help in the search for an explanation of what is precisely, this dark matter, one of the central problems of modern physics and astronomy.

The team, led by Dan Coe, researcher Jet Propulsion Laboratory NASA of in Pasadena (California) used the Advanced Camera for Hubble Space Telescope to identify this invisible matter in the massive galaxy cluster Abell 1689, located 2.2 million light years and contains 1,000 galaxies and billions of stars.

Dark matter, devoid of atoms, is distributed around galaxies as irregular halos. It is undetectable in both the visible light range and the rest wavelength of the telescopes, so its existence must be inferred in other ways: in the resulting gravitational effects on other objects that we can see, as in this case, galaxy clusters. This type of evidence, we have demonstrated that dark matter is very abundant, and to make up 23% of the total mass of the universe. The known matter, which forms from a planet in a cockroach-all we see, is only a tiny 4%. The rest is dark energy, a force even more mysterious.

MIRROR LIKE A JOKE

The star cluster Abell 1689, and the rest, gravity acts as a cosmic magnifying glass, magnifying the light from distant galaxies behind it. This effect, called gravitational lensing, and expanded produce distorted images of galaxies, as when we look at one of those mirrors joke.

By studying these distorted images, astronomers estimated the amount of dark matter within the cluster. And they discovered something curious. The center of Abell 1689 is much more dense dark matter than expected for a group of its size. The results suggest that clusters of galaxies may have formed earlier than expected, before the push of dark energy that pushes galaxies apart from each other, inhibiting their growth. One of the ways that astronomers can confirm this primeval tug of war is, precisely, by mapping the distribution of dark matter in clusters.

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iLog-Mundi: The Making of THE LIGHT IN THE UNIVERSE, www.abc.es

During its first 800 million years, Universe was a kind of opaque chamber where light could not escape. But the "Dark Ages" ended, the "smoke" dissipated and the first stars and galaxies were visible. Exactly how this process took place has been, until now, one of the biggest puzzles to which has faced in modern astrophysics.

Now, analyzing images from the Hubble Space Telescope, a team of astronomers believes it finally the answer: the "fog" was swept by a wave of ultraviolet radiation from the first generation of galaxies. Their findings are published in Nature .

During its first 300,000 years of existence, the universe was so hot (and their energy levels were so high), that subatomic particles, traveling in all directions and chaotically colliding with each other, forming a "soup" in the dense and hot that was not even may be organized into atoms.

In other words, the protons failed to "capture" electrons to form atoms of hydrogen, which is now the most abundant element, by far, the entire Universe. And if any chance it could, the nascent atomic bond was immediately broken by the force of the multiple and continuous collisions with other particles. However, 300,000 years after the Big Bang, the early Universe had already been expanded (and therefore cool) enough to loose particles begin to "relax" and form the first stable atoms of ordinary matter. Since hydrogen is the simplest of all atoms, the universe, thereafter, began to fill up the gas. And as one of the properties of hydrogen is its ability to absorb light, the young Universe was completely enveloped in darkness. BLACK

impenetrable

was how the universe came into the Dark Ages. " A black and impenetrable cloak behind which those atoms began very Slowly at first, hydrogen clouds gather in increasingly dense and turn, thanks to the action of gravity, led to the first stars and galaxies.

Thus, in absolute privacy, our universe began to be populated with the structures that are familiar to us today. The "veil" did not fall until about a billion years later, when some kind of radiation ionized the hydrogen, making everything in a clear soup of ions and electrons during a period of several hundred million years. A period that scientists know as the "Epoch of reionization."

Although researchers had always suspected the first galaxies as the main source of ionizing radiation, never been shown for that indeed was the case. So, for several decades, have proposed various theories and mechanisms that could explain the phenomenon. Intense radiation emitted by the first black holes, the energy resulting from collisions of dark matter ... The problem, however, is that none of these hypotheses has been proved. Simply

investigators had too little information on the subject as to speculate minimally viable. And it was not until recently that have begun to have tools like the Hubble, capable of sharp images of those distant times and billions of light years away. The galaxies responsible.

The final step came after the last update of the space telescope's instruments in 2009. In particular, its Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), able to resolve clearly the shimmering images of galaxies "only" 800 million years of the Big Bang. Just a couple of weeks that this unique instrument captures the most distant object observed so far, more than 13,000 million light years away.

Now a team of researchers led by Brant Robertson, an astrophysicist California Institute of Technology has used some of the images obtained by the WFC3 to drive directly the fault of those galaxies in the "Epoch of reionization". counting the number of these extremely distant galaxies in the Hubble pictures, Robertson and his colleagues estimated the amount of ultraviolet radiation emitted by them. To then calculate how much of that radiation was emitted into the intergalactic medium, as we have seen, in those days consisted mainly of hydrogen.

was then realized that there was more than sufficient number of photons ultraviolet to ionize almost all the hydrogen in the universe had at the time it became transparent.

BLUE EXTREMELY

Although much remains unknown about these early galaxies (such as number and type of star), which itself is clear, says Robertson, is "extremely blue" . This means that inside it was forming a large number of new stars, the kind of event capable of producing huge amounts of ionizing radiation.

The weak point of the investigation, Robertson's own admission, is the uncertainty in calculate the actual number of galaxies that had at that time, which can vary tremendously the amount of ultraviolet radiation. So you want to use the powerful Hubble camera to capture images and detect even more distant galaxies even weaker. Something that will get further increasing the already long exposure times.

Only then can fully confirm his suspicions, and unravel the mystery of how our universe grew from obscurity to be transparent